Water services and the private sector in developing countries: Comparative perceptions and discussion dynamics

March 27, 2012 · 0 comments

Water services and the private sector in developing countries: Comparative perceptions and discussion dynamics, 2012.

Aymeric BLANC and Sarah BOTTON, AFD.

CONTENTS
Part 1
Major PPP contracts with international operators 27
1.1. Private water networks preceded the public ones
B. DARDENNE 29
Introduction 29
1.1.1. The first European water networks 30
1.1.2. The first systems in developing countries 3 7
Conclusions 46
References 48
1.2. PPPs for drinking water services:
Some lessons from the French experience for developing countries
C. PEZON and L. BREUIL 5 1

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The Challenges of Water Supply for A Megacity: A Case Study of Lagos Metropolis

March 27, 2012 · 0 comments

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 3, Issue 2, February-2012

The Challenges of Water Supply for A Megacity: A Case Study of Lagos Metropolis

S.O. Oyegoke, A.O. Adeyemi and A.O. Sojobi

Lagos State has grown from 300,000 and 500,000 in 1950 and 1991 to an unprecedented population of 15.7 million (Mabogunje, 2002). Already, it is projected to have a population of 25 million by 2015 which will make Lagos the third largest megacity after Tokyo and Bombay and a population of 29 million by 2020, w ith an annual grow th rate of 8 %( UNCHS, 1996; George, 2010; LWC, 2011). This scenario presents enormous emerging challenges as well as opportunities that are numerous, diverse and inevitable.
This geometric population growth, coupled with accelerated industrialization and urbanization, has contributed immensely to the hydra-headed problems of water scarcity, uneven and inadequate pipe-borne water distribution and transmission, increased exposure to incidence of water-borne diseases such as typhoid and cholera leading to loss of lives and valuable man-hours. There is increased reliability on unwholesome w ater sources such as “pure” water sachets, polluted surface and underground waters, and increased urban poverty owing to a combination of the above problems, the increased cost of production for industries and increased distribution losses (Akunyili, 2003).

The major elements of water supply include surface and groundwater sources, water-treatment works -primary, secondary and tertiary, and pipe distribution systems. Lagos Metropolis and its environs are served by three (3) major waterworks, twenty-seven (27) mini-waterworks, out of which fifteen (15) were recently commissioned and ten (10) micro-waterworks, with a combined production capacity of 240MGD, w hich meets about 40% of current demand (LWC, 2011). The rivers which traverse the state, namely Rivers Ogun, Oshun, Aye, Owo, Yewa, Iju all combine to produce a total safe yield of 3,565 MLD. The groundwater aquifer under the state located in the Coastal Plain Sand and Abeokuta formations at a depth between 600-800m is capable of a total yield of 650, 000 m3/day (Oyegoke, 1986; Longe et al, 1987; Coode, 1997).

An estimated $3 Billion w ill be required for massive water infrastructural development w ithin the next ten years according to Lagos State Government while $3.7389B investment is required to produce 3954 MLD (870MGD) w hich is enough to meet the year 2025 forecasted demand of 3900 MLD according to Challenge International Associates (2006). This can only be met by Public -Private Partnerships while concerted effort is made for investment recovery.

Evaluation of Demand for Sanitation Services in Peri-urban Arequipa, Peru – 2012

March 27, 2012 · 0 comments

Evaluation of Demand for Sanitation Services in Peri-urban Arequipa, Peru – 2012.

Kyle Shimabuku, University of Colorado.

From March to July 2011 CU students, Water for People staff, and UCSP students designed a survey (annex). Water for People’s smartphone survey application, Field-Level Operations Watch (FLOW), was utilized to collect responses. A stratified, random-cluster sampling procedure was used to generalize data across the different zones of interest. Spanning an approximately 3-week period, 347 surveys were completed. A significant portion (~70%) of households surveyed plan on improving their sanitation facility in the next three years and have discretionary income, 300 sols or $110 US on average, to do so. Moreover, 90% of households have access to some type of sanitation facility, indicating a substantial amount of prior investment. Analysis using geographical information systems (GIS) was useful for understanding the influence of receiving government provided sewerage on demand.

From this study, there are several recommendations. For future studies, consulting informants outside of SEDAPAR (Servicio de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Arequipa), and district officials, such as local residents, to identify potential survey sites prior to transporting entire survey teams is encouraged. Time was wasted trying to find locations without sewerage after survey teams arrived at locations where sewerage already existed because of misinformation informants provided. During several interviews peri-urban residents stated that they were unaware of what improvements could be made to sanitation facilities. Therefore, it is advocated that a marketing campaign be conducted to stimulate demand.

WASHplus Weekly – Focus on Urban Health

March 23, 2012 · 0 comments

Issue 48 March 23, 2012 | Focus on Urban Health
This issue contains recent studies and reports on health-related aspects of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in slum areas. Included are the latest UNICEF State of the World’s Children report, a research report on sanitation-related disease burdens of the urban poor and country reports from Ghana, India, South Africa and Uganda. Also included are news articles on a USAID urban health exchange tour and links to WHO and other urban health websites.

Exploration of the impact of the lack of sanitation on women in the slums of Kampala, Uganda

March 12, 2012 · 0 comments

Exploration of the impact of the lack of sanitation on women in the slums of Kampala, Uganda, 2011.

Massey, K. Sanitation and Hygiene Applied Research for Equity (SHARE)

The lack of substantive evidence concerning the connection between violence against women and lack of adequate sanitation demonstrated a need for further research.The aim of this qualitative study – conducted in Kampala, Uganda in 2011 – was to explore whether women are exposed to humiliation, violence and rape as a result of inadequate toilet facilities, and to examine the scope and impact of this association in order to inform future policy and programming.

The findings of this study demonstrate a firm link between a lack of access to adequate sanitation and women’s experiences of humiliation and violence. Additionally, they highlight the need for a broader definition of what constitutes inadequate sanitation. Analysis of the data revealed five key themes that can be considered as dimensions of inadequacy as perceived by the study participants, each of which contributes to a fuller understanding of how and why women in the study were impacted by toilets in their community. A more contextuallybased understanding of inadequate sanitation could contribute to the design and implementation of effective programme and policy solutions.

The 21st Century: Urban Disaster Response

March 6, 2012 · 0 comments

The 21st Century: Urban Disaster Response, 2012.

Courtney BrownDirector, Humanitarian Assistance, CHF International

In the 19th and 20th centuries, disasters disproportionately affected more families in rural areas than in urban areas. Characterized by sparse populations living in close proximity to their food sources, rural disasters presented unique challenges which led to the creation of a standard way of providing help to families in need. By handing out food, distributing tents and water to families, providing healthcare, and creating rudimentary
sanitation infrastructure, aid organizations were able to meet the basic needs of most families.

The 21st century urban disaster will present unique challenges to the traditional approaches to disaster response. We can break down the challenge into three primary areas:

  • From household to neighborhood— the focus of assistance
  • Urban livelihoods
  • The importance of markets

Sustainable sanitation technology options for urban slums

March 2, 2012 · 0 comments

Biotechnol Adv. 2012 Feb 15.

Sustainable sanitation technology options for urban slums.

Katukiza AY, Ronteltap M, Niwagaba C, Foppen JW, Kansiime F, Lens PN. Department of Environmental Resources, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education P.O. BOX 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands.

Poor sanitation in urban slums results in increased prevalence of diseases and pollution of the environment. Excreta, grey water and solid wastes are the major contributors to the pollution load into the slum environment and pose risk on public health. The high rates of urbanization and population growth, poor accessibility and lack of legal status in urban slums make it difficult to improve their level of sanitation. New approaches may help to achieve the sanitation target of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 7; ensuring environmental sustainability.

This paper reviews the characteristics of waste streams and the potential treatment processes and technologies that can be adopted and applied in urban slums in a sustainable way. Resource recovery oriented technologies minimise health risks and negative environmental impacts.

In particular, there has been increasing recognition of the potential of anaerobic co-digestion for treatment of excreta and organic solid waste for energy recovery as an alternative to composting. Soil and sand filters are suitable for removal of organic matter, pathogens, nutrients and micro-pollutants from grey water.

Rural poor in India better off than urban poor: Unicef

March 1, 2012 · 0 comments

Rural poor in India better off than urban poor: Unicef

Source: Hindustan Times | Feb 29, 2012

Poor households of urban India are emerging hotspots for hunger and ill-health and children there live in worse conditions than in rural areas, says a new UN report released on Wednesday.

The United Nations Children’s Fund (Unicef) report — state of the world’s children 2012 says that like most parts of the world, children living in around 49,000 slums in India are “invisible”. Half of these slums are in five states – Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

“The notion that even poor in urban areas is better is not correct,” said Kanchan Dyuti Maiti, social policy planning and evaluation specialist at Unicef’s India office.

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USAID and India Share Best Practices to Help Improve Urban Health

February 28, 2012 · 0 comments

U.S. And India Share Best Practices to Help Improve Health Care in Africa

Source: PressZoom, Feb 28, 2012

India and the United States are joining forces to demonstrate the success of India’s urban health programs for a visiting delegation of government officials from Ethiopia. The 19-member delegation is participating in a 10-day visit to India to see first-hand how the Indian health sector is able to reach millions of children and adults in the country’s poorest urban communities. Both countries are at the forefront of efforts to respond to the effects of rapid urbanization. The Ethiopian delegation seeks to learn about how the public and private sectors partner in India to deliver health care; how to mobilize and involve communities in health care; and how India trains peer-educators and health professionals.

USAID Mission Director, William Hammink noted, “This visit is an excellent example of what is possible when India and the United States cooperate to share solutions to global challenges such as the health of the urban poor.”

The Ethiopian delegation’s visit is part of an on-going program in which India and the U.S collaborate to highlight the best practices of India’s health programs to visitors from other nations. These visits focus on experience sharing around priority global health issues.

During stops in Maharashtra, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi, the delegation will visit health programs supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Government of India, and other partners. USAID will facilitate meetings between the delegation and city municipal corporations, government officials, corporate partners, and public and private sector hospitals.

Mr. Dereje Mamo, the Director of the Planning and Policy Directorate of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health, said, “Urban health issues, especially in poor communities, are an enormous challenge in our country. We are greatly looking forward to learning from the Indian experience.”

USAID is the independent U.S. agency that provides economic, development, and humanitarian assistance around the world in support of U.S. foreign policy goals.

UNICEF – Children in an urban world

February 28, 2012 · 0 comments

UNICEF State of the World’s Children 2012: Children in an urban world

  • Download (Full report; Executive summary; Statistics; Video)

The hardships endured by children in poor urban communities are often concealed – and thus perpetuated – by the statistical averages on which development programmes and decisions about resource allocation are based. Because averages lump everyone together, the poverty of some is obscured by the wealth of others. One consequence of this is that children already deprived remain excluded from essential services.

Where detailed urban data are available, they reveal disparities in children’s rates of survival, nutritional status and education resulting from unequal access to services. All over the world, hundreds of millions of children in impoverished urban neighbourhoods and informal settlements confront daily violations of their rights despite living close to institutions and services. In many countries, children living in urban poverty fare as badly as, or worse than, children living in rural poverty when it comes to undernutrition and underfive mortality.

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