Source:
- Meier A et al. 2006. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43 (1):117–118.
Summary:
- Our study aimed to identify male and female risk factors (including genital hygiene practices) for bacterial vaginosis; in the course, we, unexpectedly, found male genital hygiene was associated with the man's risk of HIV infection. Because male HIV infection and male hygiene were found to be correlated with one another, we examined the relationship of five (5) hygiene variables with HIV infection in the men in a principal components analysis, controlling for socioeconomic status and other potential confounders. Assessing genital hygiene beliefs and practices in Kenyan men, we found male genital hygiene practices showed bathing genitalia immediately after sex was common, and this practice was associated with access to water, demonstrating the potential acceptability of such an intervention even in resource-poor settings.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Journal Articles
Source:
- Obi CL et al. 2006. Water SA, 32(3):323–344.
Summary:
- HIV/AIDS accounts for a substantial degree of morbidity and mortality in different age groups across the globe, but ripple effects are most devastating in developing countries. People with compromised immune systems are more prone to several diseases than individuals whose immune systems are not compromised by HIV/AIDS, and therefore have greater requirements for potable water. Improving water quality will lead to a decline in child and adult mortality and diarrhoeal diseases in people living with HIV/AIDS. The cross-paths between HIV/AIDS and water have long-term implications for effective water resource management and mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS in the water sector is of the utmost importance; in addition to providing safe water, supply points and latrines should be close to points of use, and appropriate water system design is required to reduce long distances caregivers and HIV/AIDS patients undertake to access safe water.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Diarrheal Diseases Evidence Base Household Water Treatment & Storage People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Magrath P, Tesfu M. 2006. Addis Ababa. WaterAid, Ethiopia.
Summary:
- People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are particularly vulnerable to the health impacts of inadequate water and sanitation; in seeking to protect themselves from infection and cope with symptoms, their needs for clean water and sanitation increase. In Addis Ababa, the poor generally have inadequate water and sanitation facilities, and, due to discrimination and sickness, PLWHA often have even more limited access than others. WaterAid Ethiopia researches the needs of PLWHA in water and sanitation, constraints on meeting these needs, and ideas for addressing them through water and sanitation programming by NGOs and government in Ethiopia.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Household Water Treatment & Storage People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) Programming Guidance Sanitation/Feces Disposal Stigma
Source:
- Kangamba M et al. 2006. Baltimore, MD. Catholic Relief Services
Summary:
- In Zambia, HIV/AIDS is still approached primarily as a health issue, and therefore, interventions focus mainly on prevention and treatment. The provision of affordable, accessible and reliable public services is essential in supporting health maintenance and reducing stress for people infected and affected with HIV/AIDS. Reliable delivery of good-quality water and sound basic sanitation are critical in reducing exposure to pathogens to which HIV-positive people are particularly vulnerable. Where water services are inadequate or inaccessible, time and monetary costs of access to good quality water in sufficient quantities are high, particularly for HIV-infected people and their caregivers. An assessment was commissioned by the WHO with the goal of producing evidence-based guidance on water and sanitation needs in home-based care strategies, particularly in resource-poor situations and to develop practical and strategic recommendations to be made at the programme and policy levels, while identifying the most critical measures to be taken by the health sector and the water and sanitation sector to provide short- and medium-term solutions in the area of water, sanitation and hygiene support to home-based care.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Home-Based Care Policy Programming Guidance Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Schuler N. 2005. Washington DC. World Bank
Summary:
- The World Bank has been a prominent player in the global fight against HIV/AIDS, and its Global HIV/AIDS Program has leveraged considerable resources to facilitate and support monitoring and evaluation, social and economic impact analyses, and regional research and initiatives in the field. HIV/AIDS cannot be addressed within the confines of health and HIV/AIDS projects alone: there has been considerable emphasis on mainstreaming HIV/AIDS into lending portfolios where HIV/AIDS poses significant risks. From a national and global perspective, this strategy increases the reach of targeted HIV/AIDS interventions to all sectors and more people than can be reached through health projects alone, and from a project perspective, it serves to mitigate the short and long-term risks HIV/AIDS may have on projects-- not by turning HIV/ AIDS projects into urban projects, but by integrating components that can help shield the client communities urban projects support from the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS. With HIV/AIDS posing evident short and long-term risks for urban projects, the argument for mainstreaming should resonate as a logical intervention supported both by internal management and the client.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Household Water Treatment & Storage Programming Guidance
Source:
- Laurent P. 2005. Geneva. World Health Organization.
Summary:
- Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene account for some 1.7 million deaths a year worldwide, mainly through infectious diarrhoea. Infections that do not occur in healthy persons due to the low pathogenicity or concentration of the microorganisms are more likely to occur in immunocompromised patients. The main objective of the water supply sector has always been to improve people's health by providing access to safe water supply and sanitation, so the growing number of immunosuppressed people, mainly in developing countries, makes it necessary to develop new concepts to protect these patients from infectious agents in drinking water.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Diarrheal Diseases Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Household Water Treatment & Storage Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Kiongo JM. 2005. Delft, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Summary:
- A case study on water supply and sanitation conditions and policies in Kenya in the context of the Millennium Development Goals and HIV/AIDS . The study aims to facilitate learning on how HIV/AIDS affects the water and sanitation sector, and how administrators and policy makers may respond to, and cope with the effects of the disease. It provides an overview of water sector conditions and policies in Kenya in the light of Millennium Development Goals; insights into the relationship of these goals and their realization with the broader context of poverty, water resources conditions and management, and HIV/AIDS; illustrations of the influence of the epidemics on attitudes and coping strategies with examples of community and agency/project experiences; and lessons and recommendations on how administrators, policy makers, and donors can better cope with the disease and its implications for the water sectors.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Best Practices and Lessons Learned Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Policy Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- WELL Project. 2004. London, UK
Summary:
- The socio-economic impacts of HIV and AIDS are not often highlighted, even though their effects are not limited to those diagnosed: water and sanitation sectors often pay little attention to the impact of HIV/AIDS on the social and economic feasibility and sustainability of water supply in rural areas; increasing HIV/AIDS cases in rural areas make already inadequate water and sanitation situations for domestic and agricultural use dire; and home-based care for the terminally ill requires not only clean water and safe solid waste disposal for patients, but access to a convenient, reliable, safe, and sufficient water supply, as well as basic sanitation, to ease the burden on caregivers. Strategies to integrate water and sanitation with HIV/AIDS are necessary and must meet the challenge to ensure all development sectors incorporate, in a strategic way, issues such as prevention, care, and mitigation of HIV/AIDS, and policymakers and sector programs give high priority to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion in areas with a high incidence of the disease.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Handwashing (Hand Washing) Home-Based Care Household Water Treatment & Storage Policy Programming Guidance Sanitation/Feces Disposal
Source:
- Kgalushi R, Smits S, Eales K. 2004. Johannesburg, South Africa. The Mvula Trust and Delft, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
Summary:
- In South Africa, HIV/AIDS is approached primarily as a health issue; the social implications and poverty dimensions of HIV /AIDS, while recognised in policy, have not yet been translated adequately into practice. Provision of affordable, accessible and reliable public services, including reliable delivery of good quality water, and sound basic sanitation, is critical to reduce exposure to pathogens to which HIV-positive people are particularly vulnerable, support health maintenance, and reduce stress for people living with HIV/AIDS. Where water and sanitation services are inadequate or inaccessible, the time and monetary costs of accessing good quality water, in sufficient quantities, are high, particularly for HIV-infected people and their care-givers.
Keywords:
Accessing Water Evidence Base Handwashing (Hand Washing) Household Water Treatment & Storage People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) Sanitation/Feces Disposal
